There was also an increase in STI diagnoses from a time point a year before they sought PrEP to the date they started it. And the percentage of men reporting never using condoms for anal sex somewhat increased while they were on PrEP, though never exceeding 10% of all PrEP users.
The evidence that STIs increased further while people were on PrEP was, however, a lot more ambiguous. Chlamydia cases increased from starting PrEP to nine months after starting it. On the other hand, syphilis diagnoses fell over the same time period while gonorrhoea diagnoses stayed at the same rate. The only STI which increased during PrEP was urethral gonorrhoea. But that was only seen in a small number of individuals.
In a symposium, Professor Matthew Golden, who runs King County’s STI and HIV programme, told the conference that some other studies such as the Kaiser Permanente PrEP programme in northern California showed that STI rates increased after PrEP was started. Others, such as the PROUD study, provided little evidence of this.
The problem in proving that PrEP has any causal relationship to STIs is that STIs among gay men were, in general, rising well before PrEP, and also that PrEP usually involves regular testing for HIV and STIs. Since many STIs are asymptomatic and self-limiting, more tests will result in more diagnoses.
The study
To investigate the relationship between PrEP use and STIs, Golden and colleagues looked at condom use and STI diagnoses in gay men enrolling in the King County programme between September 2014 and June 2016. He looked at condom use reported by participants at the time they started PrEP and three, six and nine months after initiation. For STIs, he looked at the proportion of people who had STI diagnoses one year before they started PrEP, at the time they started PrEP, and during the time they were on PrEP.
The criteria for starting PrEP in the programme were being a man (including transgender) or transgender woman who had sex with men and who reported rectal gonorrhoea, early syphilis, methamphetamine or nitrites (poppers) use, or sex work in the year before asking for PrEP; or, alternatively, that they were anyone with an HIV-positive partner who was not on treatment, not virally suppressed, or within their first eight months of viral suppression. Although these criteria could have included heterosexuals in practice all the cohort were men who have sex with men.
A total of 218 men started PrEP and completed baseline behavioural questionnaires but only 108 completed follow-up to nine months. This was a young cohort on average (average age 30.6) and ethnicity reflected the racial makeup of Washington State; 53% were non-Hispanic white, 22% Hispanic, 10% Asian or Pacific Islander, 9% African American, 2% Native American and 4% other ethnicity.
The proportion of men saying they never used condoms for anal sex was higher in men on PrEP than before they started, though there was no evidence for an increase during time on PrEP. The increases were relatively slight and largely in single percentages but were statistically significant.
The proportion saying they had never used condoms in the previous three months was 6% at baseline and 10% three months after starting PrEP, though it declined to 8% at nine months.
The proportion saying specifically they never used condoms for receptive sex was 2% at baseline and 4% while on PrEP for HIV-positive partners, and 4% at baseline and 8% while on PrEP for HIV-negative partners. There was also an increase in never using condoms in insertive sex with HIV-positive partners, from 2% at baseline to 6% while on PrEP. Condom use did not change significantly with partners of unknown HIV status.
STI diagnoses increased significantly from a year before starting PrEP to the time PrEP was started. In the three months ending a year before PrEP start, 6.5% of participants were diagnosed with chlamydia, 10.2% with gonorrhoea and also 10.2% with early or early-latent syphilis. When tested at the start of PrEP the proportion diagnosed with chlamydia was 16%, nearly three times the rate, and 20.4% with gonorrhoea, twice the rate. Syphilis increased slightly to 12%.
Rectal chlamydia increased from 4.6% to 14.8% and rectal gonorrhoea increased from 9.3% to 13.9%.
All this may show, however, is that people at high STI risk tend to seek PrEP, and that comprehensive testing picks up more STIs than ad hoc testing.
The evidence that STIs increased during PrEP is more ambiguous. Chlamydia and particularly rectal chlamydia diagnoses did increase further, from 16% to 22%, and from 15% to 19%, respectively.
On the other hand, diagnoses of gonorrhoea and rectal gonorrhoea stayed at the same rate of around 20% and around 14% respectively. And early and early-latent syphilis decreased, from 12% to 7%.
It may be relevant that diagnoses of chlamydia, the STI most likely to be asymptomatic, increased the most. So Golden and colleagues picked out two STIs that were generally not asymptomatic in order to try and factor out increases due to the detection of asymptomatic cases. The results were contradictory. The proportion of men diagnosed with urethral gonorrhoea, which is nearly always symptomatic, increased from 0.9% at baseline to 5.6% on PrEP. One the other hand, diagnoses of primary and secondary syphilis, excluding early latent syphilis, i.e. only syphilis in which symptoms are usually seen, declined both before and on PrEP, from 9.3% a year before baseline, to 7.4% at baseline, to 3.7% while on PrEP.
It is very difficult to make any generalisations from these figures. The increase in urethral gonorrhoea is suggestive, but this was only a small study where the 0.9% of men with urethral gonorrhoea at PrEP initiation represents two individuals and the 5.6% at nine months represents six.
The STI rates in PrEP users were certainly high: rates of all three STIs were almost exactly 20 times what they were in the general HIV-negative gay population, and rectal STIs were 30 times more common – for instance, the general gay-population diagnosis rate of rectal gonorrhoea was 0.9%, versus 26% in PrEP users.
Mathematical model finds STI rates should fall with widespread PrEP coverage
A mathematical modelling study also presented at CROI found that if PrEP became widespread among gay men in the US, STI diagnoses would rise in the first year, but would fall thereafter. If the testing interval was once every six months, for instance, all-STI incidence in gay men would fall from about 5.4% a year after starting a PrEP programme to 4% three years after starting it and less than 2% ten years after starting it.
This was based on an assumption of high coverage – that 40% of gay men take PrEP – and as long as every STI gets treatment. STI incidence would remain unchanged rather than fall if only 50% got treated. However, these net benefits of PrEP are calculated on the basis of condom use in gay men on PrEP falling by 40% – they would be even greater if condom use did not fall.
There was no support for the hypothesis that PrEP could cause STI increases by themselves: in this model, even zero condom use under PrEP could not transform the STI rates seen in the general gay population into the ones seen in PrEP users. This backs up the idea that people seeking PrEP already know they are at high risk and don’t think that risk will change by itself.
References
